Elegy Written in a Coutry Churchyard Essay Example for Free

Funeral poem Written in a Coutry Churchyard Essay Q1. Talk about Gray as a transitional artist with extraordinary reference to ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’. The period 1730-1770 imprints the start from a development from one particular period of English verse towards another .The artists were getting step by step depleted with the neoclassical morals of lucidity, reason, modernity, and manners, its monetary wording, ,method of reasoning and mind. In the abstract circle can be seen the appearance of The Romanticism which anyway usually started with the distribution of ‘’Lyrical Ballads ‘’in 1798 which was a tasteful defiance to the rule of the trendy custom of the eighteenth century Neoclassicism. These artists of this crossroads William Blake, Thomas Gray, and Robert Burns are trapped in neoclassic composition and the Romantic Age, are consequently fittingly known as the Transitional artists. Dark has a place with the age (1716-1771) in which he was conceived just as envoys the beginning of another time in poetry.â€he crossed over the inlet. In spite of the fact that he held a portion of the Neo-old style highlights like regular wonderful lingual authority and structures, he supported more liberated structures and bolder language. His verse lectured an arrival to nature, legit assessment, however he shared the teaching of the Neoclassicism. Along these lines he makes a stately blend of inconsistencies . The main element of the Classical verse which Gray acquired was the regular inclination to be instructional and philosophical. S. A. Brooke appropriately calls attention to that Gray’s verse was excessively weighted with moral reflections. His pointed admonishing are very typical in ‘’Elegy’’. While extolling the straightforward rural life, Gray cautions pleased and aggressive individuals not to chuckle at the low dark social situation of poor people. ‘’Let not Ambition mock their valuable drudge, Their unattractive delights, and fate cloud; Nor Grandeur hear with a contemptuous grin The short and basic chronicles of the poor.’’ Despite the fact that the unassuming rustics drove a dark life they may have been far more joyful than the self important nobles. With a grave tone of admonishing Gray extols Death as a definitive leveler â€the pride of the capable, the radiance of the powerful ,the gift of magnificence can't spare a man from the lethal fate. Demise and obscurity are a definitive finish of weak human life. ‘’The brag of heraldry, the ceremony of pow’r, And such excellence, all that riches e’er gave, Anticipates the same th’ inescapable hour. The ways of greatness lead however to the grave’’. The grim moralizer additionally maintains the unhonoured and uncelebrated passing of the rustics by repeating that that neither exquisite landmarks nor energized sculptures mean anything noteworthy as not the slightest bit life and essentialness can be reestablished to the cadaver. Dark even lectures about the bleak and wretched response the humans show at the hour of his takeoff from this fleeting world. Life is to every one of the a conflicting encounter of logical inconsistencies , yet no one gets a kick out of the chance to stop this world and at the hour of death throws a drawn out and remorseful l and contemplative look behind. Independent of his height everybody fears obscurity of which passing is the harbinger. Neoclassical verse brags of a cognizant utilization of fancy beautiful style . They were extremely mindful to separate the language of verse from the naã ¯ve language of writing. Dark additionally uncovers the impact of his age in his able affection for expository articulation, regular fake expressiveness and capable perception of meter. With splendid utilization of exemplification and analogy Gray at the very start depicts the sunset at the town similarly as the tolling of the time limit chime declares the demise of an individual so likewise the ringing of the night ringer assign the passing of a day. ‘’The check in time tolls the chime of separating day’’. What follows is a famous utilization of the interesting expression ‘’Transferred Epithet’’-‘’The cultivator back home trudges his exhausted way,’’ Rhetorics like representations and Synecdoche are in splendid use when Gray utilizes the theoretical to represent the solid to accentuate that the people of aspiration and greatness ought not giggle at the basic archives of poor people. ‘’Let not Ambition mock their helpful work, Their unattractive delights, and fate cloud; Nor Grandeur hear with a contemptuous grin The short and basic archives of the poor.’’ Dark hotels to ‘’ Interrogation’’ to complement the unproductiveness of unrestrained presentation of disappointment after deathâ€â€˜â€™Can celebrated urn or energized bust Back to its manor call the passing breath?’’ Metaphors swarm helter skelter when Gray thinks about the squandered virtuoso of the villa to the most brilliant gemâ confined in the ocean cavern or captivating bloom confined in the desert. People represent their separate class when Gray derives that what these rustics could have accomplished , whenever supported by fortune. ‘’Some quiet shameful Milton here may rest, Some Cromwell guiltless of his country’s blood.’’ Aversion (‘inevitable hour’),Onomatopoeia(‘the lowing herd’) and Alliteration (‘brook that chatters by’)are frequently used to make the most extreme powerful intrigue. In this way the sonnet bears the undeniable impression of the Augustan or pseudo-Classical school of verse. The poise of expression and the decency of scholarly borrowings improve his neo-Classical demeanor. In any case, Gray is an antecedent of Romanticism and his Elegy shows how he would in general break with the Classical convention. Presently here is abundance ofâ emotion, festivity of popularity based drive and a grandness despairing which make the Elegy a splendid â€Å"reconciliation of opposites’’. Pope in his ‘’Essay on Man’’ talks about keeping the field of writing just to the complex urbanized individuals where as the Romantics praises the majority rule motivation. Wordsworth in his ‘Preface to the Lyrical ballads†(1800) states that his standard is ‘’to pick occurrences and circumstance of normal life and to relate or depict them all through †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Dim additionally brings out thoughtfully the records of the locals who had a straightforward existence far away from the berserk free for all of the refined urban individuals and who are not represented by desire and aspiration. With a heathen certainty he evens out the sublime and the undignified. C. J. Weber is correct ‘’Gray’s phenomenal and brave act lay in his tending to his funeral poem to the memory not of sovereigns however of humble laborers covered in now-dismissed graves in the wake of leading existences of hard-gave toil’â €™. Like ‘The Seasons’, ‘Elegy’ is set in an unassuming rural nature foundation. It is an honorable get back to go to nature. As Wordsworth favored ‘the episodes and circumstance of humble life’, the absolute first refrain makes a whiff of outside air to blow through the stifling environment of contemporary verse, however the Wordsworthian worship of Nature is out and out missing here. In the event that Romanticism is characterized as the ‘Renaissance of miracle, in his ‘Elegy’ ,as in his ‘The Bard’, or ‘The progress of Poesy’ there are looks at opinion and feeling. The writer becomes nostalgic while depicting the rest of the dead which is unceasing to the point that the smell and prattling of morning or new energetic breeze won't wake them up. Rather than taking into account dry explanation and rationale Gray enjoys extravagant and guesses that a portion of these rustics may have in their humble way,like Hampden opposed the abuse of the oppression or bore in their heart the idyllic free for all of Miltonâ€but everything is lost. The ‘Elegy’ is shaded by inconspicuous feeling of despairing and desolate note. An agonizing misery immerses the sonnet when Gray composes with harshness that they are left to decay in lack of definition in minuscule churchyard while self important colleagues rest under marble landmarks. The artist mourns the evil - karma and outrageous destitution of these rustics which obstructed the twist of their virtuoso. Uncommonly noteworthy is the refrain XXII where Gray portrays the interminable human drive of being recollected in the afterlife. Dim adventured forward into â€Å"unfamiliar zones in poetry’’ as he breathed life into back the utilization of the primary individual particular, for instance â€Å"One morn I missed him on the customed hill†¦.’’ which had been â€Å"considered a savageness by eighteenth century norm.† Romanticism,it can be referenced , is ‘egotistical sublime’. In this manner ‘’Elegy’’ showed up at a moment that the change was noticeable all around, yet had not totally shown up. Along these lines Gray’s verse is milestone in the artistic history of England. It is an embodiment of the progressions that were coming over the writing towards the end of the eighteenth century. The ‘Elegy’ impeccably outlines the contention between the Classic and the Romantic thoughts and a definitive triumph of Romanticism; after all‘’The old request changes yielding spot to new’’.

St John of the Cross A Mystic for the 21st Century

St John of the Cross A Mystic for the 21st Century Regnum 146874â People have constantly developed a craving to meet God, to address him, to know his musings, to discover his arrangements. How to discover him? Where would we be able to meet him? In old occasions it was accepted that the perfect spot would be the pinnacles of the mountains. All countries had their hallowed mountains-meeting places among paradise and earth, the home of the divine beings and objective of human climb for the Greeks, Olympus; for the occupants of Mesopotamia, Ararat; for the Ugarits, the Tzaphon. Israel additionally shared this conviction. Abraham, Moses, and Elijah had their most grounded profound encounters on the mountains: Moria, Horeb, and Mount Carmel. Holy person John of the Cross follows in such a convention. In any case, how might one think about John of the Cross, a sixteenth century spiritualist in the academic convention, as having pertinence for the 21st century? McGinn, citing Henri Bremond states; to put it plainly, it is beyond the realm of imagination t o expect to overlook the spiritualists without abandoning ones self. (McGinn, 30) what I trust John offers is an otherworldliness that endeavors to rise above oneself, comes out of ones encounters and moves near perfect association by neglecting self comparable to other people and to God. Basically, I trust John builds up an existential way to deal with otherworldliness which offers a hand for the dry lives in current society. Known as an incredible promoter of St John of the Cross, Thomas Merton commented, [T]hese words I underlined, despite the fact that they flabbergasted and stunned me with their import, were very straightforward for me to comprehend. They were excessively exposed, excessively deprived of all trickery and bargain for my multifaceted nature, distorted by numerous hungers. (Egan, 62) How troublesome is it to get straightforwardness? In the 21st century, progressively so. Our lives have gotten so convoluted and overwhelmed by a clamor of soundbites, pictures and bogus certainties that we appear to be further from discovering God than any time in recent memory. It was the Canticle I looked at while situated in the school church. An upbeat bit of verse loaded with light and a long way from the Dark Night of my previous information on John of the Cross. If at any point I required a sign it was on the dining experience of St. John of the Cross as I sat taking a full breath expelled from the furious business of a days work. Goodness to be a spiritualist, shut away from the rushing about of life occupied with supplication, otherworldly perusing and delicate manual work. Such a perspective on the life of a spiritualist I am sure is normal, yet a long way from the real world. Sitting thinking about the life of John of the Cross I was captivated by how bustling he was, the way occupied with lifes action. Further, I got mindful of a holy person for diaconal service and for an individual otherworldliness dependent on freedom and opportunity. What Martin Heidegger would allude to as expectant determination. Heidegger says that the understandability of Being on the planet communicates as talk (Heidegger, 204) That talk for John is with God and helps a change from self to other. For John, transformation is the thing that the scrutinizing life is all about.[1] Obviously, John originated from a group of changes over to Christianity, as a converso he dropped from Jewish believers to Christianity. While his initial family life is notable; the dismissal of his dad by his respectable family for wedding his mom who was of a modest class, the neediness, desperation and vagrancy following the demise of his dad. It is adept to consider such personal subtleties to go to a comprehension of how he built up a self-conciliatory methodology towards life. At fourteen, John took on an occupation thinking about medical clinic patients who endured serious illnesses and frenzy. There is little prize for such undertakings. For John he found his affection forever and of God. Such love of God supported him all through his jail experience following his contact with Teresa of Avila and his consent to join her change development. John bolstered her conviction that the Carmelite request should come back to its life of supplication. Following nine months in jail John figured out how to circumvent taking with him his incomplete verse. Rising of Mount Carmel and Dark Night of the Soul later got two of his books of commonsense exhortation alongside A Spiritual Canticle and the Bridegroom Christ. His works were never expected to be distributed, they were just helper diaries to help at first the individuals from the request and others create in their affection for God. At first John planned the peruser to decipher his verse for themselves. Be that as it may, similar to Jesus before him John was persuaded to disclose and help other people to comprehend. Surely, in the introduction to the Ascent John makes reference to other people who will endeavor to manage directees towards the highest point. He says they comprehend not themselves and need equipped and ready chiefs. (Rising Prologue, 2) In the introduction to the Ascent, John demonstrates his chief sources: I need to state, or in any event, in that which is generally significant and dim to the comprehension, of Divine Scripture; for, in the event that we direct ourselves by this, we will be not able to wander, since He Who talks in that is the Holy Spirit. (Climb Prologue, 2) While overwhelmingly from the New Testament John makes reference to more than 1300 scriptural citations from pretty much every book. He appears to have known the Bible from heart and he curves and moves such information on the sacred texts with his comprehension of life and love of God. Molded, as it might have been, by his very experience of life. John puts together his whole tenet with respect to settled closed minded realities; nature of God; nature of man; keeps an eye deliberately and the methods by which one arrives. In the Ascent John starts his move to the highest point of heavenly association with the dull night, basically a cleanse of the exotic self to create aloofness and gathering of Gods will into our lives. It is no upbeat mishap that John makes reference to a youthful Tobias from the Old Testament; (Tobit 6:4-5) In the main (night) he told him to consume the core of the fish in the fire, which connotes the heart that is affectioned to, and set upon, the things of the world; which, all together that one may start to travel toward God, must be scorched and purged from all that is animal, in the fire of the adoration for God. Also, in this purgation the demon escapes away, for he has control over the spirit just when it is joined to things physical and transient. At the point when one considers the realism and the need now attitude in the way of life of todays world a concise reflection upon the need to cleanse oneself of want of all things appears to be perpetually squeezing. As we foresee the introduction of Donald Trump as leader of the United States the ascent of populism makes a vitality and drive which simultaneously drives a wedge into society. Ghetto mindset has been found in Warsaw and we neednt spend an excessively long time thinking about the reason for that or the terrible results. So what fills the void when we exorcize Twitter, Facebook and things of no enduring worth? John gives us petition. In any case, he demands it isn't expelled from the remainder of life nor is it estimated in time or amount. Rather John gives us an existence of petition to help spare us from detestable, or possibly the over the top reveling of wants that harms the spirit. Nothing is detestable all by itself. It is ones demeanor. Todays society has seen an over the top development in care, a requirement for elective otherworldliness and a discount dismissal of the institutional church, at any rate in the West. Indeed, even Apple load, as a matter of course, a Mindfulness App on each iPhone they transport. By July 27th, 2016 they had sent 1 billion units; one billion spirits conceivably spared by a solitary trans worldwide enterprise, all over the course of about nine years. On the off chance that lone Jesus had met Steve Jobs somewhere around the shores of Lake Galilee. One hundred years already William James brought similar issues up in his Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh University, Varieties of Religious Experience, or that John of the Cross and his enthusiasm for brain science and human instinct arrived 400 years before James? In address IX and X James alludes to Conversion and a need to change ones soul from infection to prosperity. Amusingly, James work was used by Alcoholic Anonymous nearly 25 years afte r his demise to assist treat with sicking spirits. (Bevacqua, 440) Ones compulsion might be liquor yet there is additionally a plenty of addictions for which one must look for recuperating. Egan states: For John of the Cross, the excursion of The Ascent of Mount Carmel is nevertheless a preface to the adoration that sprouts in a heart that God has liberated. Veritable opportunity comes not through ones own endeavors the dynamic evenings. For John of the Cross, freedom from confused connections comes completely lastly through the sanitizing thoughtful dull evenings the latent evenings that follow on what is depicted in The Ascent of Mount Carmel (Egan, 67) There really is just the same old thing. Therefore, Johns compositions are neither an editorial nor a manual for the individuals who committed their lives to God in an encased cloister or religious community. They are for all of us who look for with an earnest heart the most ideal approach to spend our lives on earth. Opportunity to be and opportunity from is implied by Johns Ascent of Mount Carmel and his Dark Night of the Soul. As indicated by St John [H]uman nature can never achieve the ontological status of Being Itself because it can never accept the celestial nature (even while taking part in it), the unendingness of its turning out to be - that-consistently almost is stays a sacred part of its made nature. Mondello, 2) Simply put, we are continually moving towards God (or away from), we can never Be God, or accomplish divine solidarity. Inside existentialism Mahon OBrien contends for the auxiliary and topical cognizance of Heideggers development from realness to the quest for a genuine free connection to the world as caught by the term releasement. By showing the basic and topical solidarity of Heideggers thought completely, OBrien makes ready for a progressively estimated and thoughtfully grounded comprehension of the issues in question in the Heidegge

Summer Planning Checklist For Rising College Freshmen

Here’s What Rising College Freshmen Need to Do This Summer to Prepare For The First Semester of College The summer before freshman year of college is exciting! You’re so close to realizing your college dreams, however, there’s still lots to be done to prepare for your first year on campus. From packing and choosing classes to spending time with friends, the months leading up to freshman move-in day can be extremely busy – and can go by in a flash.At, we know how important it is to start planning early in order to be best prepared for the college experience, and that planning doesn’t stop once you have a college acceptance in hand. There’s a lot that graduating high school seniors need to do this summer in order to have a successful freshman year of college.Here are some tips for college freshmen on what to do the summer before college. Sign up for orientation. Most colleges will require new students to attend a summer orientation session, where incoming freshmen will get to know the campus, meet other students, and sign up for courses. As soon as itâ €™s available, sign up for orientation. Since many freshmen students will have to take the same general education courses, you’ll want to try to get in as early as possible before those classes fill up. This is where securing an earlier orientation spot can be key. Also, many orientations have a parent portion, so make sure your parents sign up as well!Create a packing list. Move-in day may still be a couple of months away, but there’s a lot that you’ll need to make a dorm room feel more like home. Sit down and create a list of dorm room essentials, like power strips, chargers, sheets, etc., and go through what you already have to see what you’ll need to buy. Many times, it’s wise to get smaller items like towels, sheets, and picture frames ahead of time and pack them up to take with you on move-in day. Larger items, like microwaves, mini fridges, and other furniture might be best to buy when you arrive and have a better idea of the size of the space. Also, coordinate with your roommate or suitemates to see who might be able to bring communal items, like fridges, TVs, and other commonly shared electronics or appliances. This can cut down costs and keep you from bringing duplicate items.Get to know your roommate. Speaking of coordinating with roommates or suitemates, this is the time to get to know them better! Since you’ll be sharing close quarters, you’ll want to get to know your roommate, his or her habits, pet peeves, interests, and more. Exchange phone numbers, email addresses, and even follow each other on social media. Make an effort to speak at least once a week or so, just to get to know each other and plan for move-in day. This way, come fall semester, you’ll feel like you’re moving in with a friend rather than a stranger.Spend time with family and friends. The summer before college is an exciting time, but it can go by fast. Make plans throughout the summer to spend quality time with family and friends. After all, it might be months before you see them again!Continue outside reading. For some students, outside reading is always a necessary evil that they’re happy to give up once they get to college. Don’t! Outside reading is a great way to continue to develop your interests and keep your mind sharp during the summer. It’s also a way to connect with other classmates who might be reading similar material. This summer is the perfect time to pick up some books you may not have had time for during the school year.Set a budget. For many students, freshman year of college is the first time they’ll be away from home and managing their own finances. Take some time this summer to sit down with your parents and set a budget for the school year, accounting for the cost of books, school supplies, food, clothes, entertainment, and anything else you might spend money on. If your parents are helping with an allowance, decide if it’s weekly, mo nthly, or per semester. If you’re paying for everything yourself, whether through savings or a part-time job, make an effort to guess your monthly income and adjust your budget accordingly. This will save you the stress of running out of money too soon during your first year.Look for on or off-campus jobs. Part of setting a budget is knowing where your spending money is coming from. If you plan to have an on- or off-campus job during the school year, spend the summer applying for opportunities that you think will fit your schedule. The first semester of college can be a little overwhelming for some students, so make sure you have some flexibility and don’t overextend yourself. After orientation you should have a good idea of your class schedule, so work around that when deciding how many hours per week you can commit to a job, taking into account time for homework, too.Get to know your college town. Chances are you already know a lot about your campus and college town or city through campus visits and research you did when developing your balanced college list. However, the town can look a lot different when seen through the eyes of a new student. When you’re on campus for orientation, take some time to explore the surrounding town and area again. Talk to other incoming freshmen about what they most look forward to doing outside of class. This is a great opportunity to explore some areas you may have missed before, or revisit some of your favorite spots.What else are you doing this summer to prepare for your first year of college? Tell us in the comments below!

Wide Sargasso Sea and The Color Purple Essay - 864 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Problems, along with misery, become apart of life whether you’re willing to accept it or not. For those who have accepted such troubles, have also learned to cope with it one way or another. Antoinette’s character in â€Å"Wide Sargasso Sea† and Celie’s character in â€Å"The Color Purple† have both experienced problems with depression, loneliness, violence, inferiority, racism, and self-identity. It is important for such characters as Antoinette and Celie to express their emotions and have a method of working out there issues. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the novel â€Å"Wide Sargasso Sea† by Jean Rhys, the character Antoinette is left mainly to her own free will as a child with no friends and relied on herself to†¦show more content†¦Without a mothers love Antoinette becomes increasingly lost in thought and isolated, showing the early signs of her inherited emotional fragility. As an adult, insulting refrains would resurface in her mind as she becomes increasingly paranoid. Antoinette’s arranged marriage begins to distresses her, as she is married to a controlling white Englishman who feels alienated were she feels at home. Indeed, their marriage is a mismatch of culture and custom. Anoinette and her husband, Mr. Rochester, fail to relate to one another or comfort each other when Antoinette needs it the most. His unsympathetic feelings intensify her condition and even push her to fits of violence. An exile within her own family, a quot;white cockroachquot; to her disdainful servants, and an oddity in the eyes of her own husband, Antoinette cannot find a peaceful place for herself. Now she seeks refuge of the cruel world by surrounding herself in nature’s fold. Antoinette is fascinated with nature, which becomes a central character, and perhaps her only friend. Similarly, in the novel â€Å"The Color Purple† by Alice Walker, the character Celie also has a rough childhood. As a young girl, Celie is constantly subjected to abuse, rape, and told she is poor and ugly. Celie begins to write to God for guidance because she dose not understand what’s happening to her. At only fourteen, Celie is already pregnant with her second child as a result of rape from her father. He threatens her toShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre vs Wide Sargasso Sea Essay example1635 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Tyler Perimenis Professor Mathews English 2301W 21 October 2014 Symbolism through Theme Of Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea â€Å"To produce a mighty book, you must choose a mighty theme. No great and enduring volume can ever be written on the flea, though many there be that have tried it,† stated Herman Melville. As implied, without theme, no novel can be considered â€Å"mighty† or have any depth. Theme is essential in any work of art. Jane Eyre is a novel by Charlotte Brontà « that takes the readerRead MoreWide Sargasso Se The Intersection Of English And British Colonial Cultures Through The Union Of Rochester And Antoinette1502 Words   |  7 PagesJean Rhys’s novel Wide Sargasso Sea centers on the intersection of English and British colonial cultures through the union of Rochester and Antoinette Cosway. Rochester represents patriarchal and imperialist Victorian values, which Mary Lou Emery suggests thrive in part on â€Å"distinctions between...legitimate and illegitimate sexuality, madness and reason, primitive and civilized behavior, [and] fiction and fact† (428). Antoinette threatens these supposedly objective distinctions in her emotional (â€Å"‘AfraidRead MoreThe Interpretation of â€Å"Let Them Call It Jazz† by Jean Rhys.1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe interpretation of â€Å"Let Them Call It Jazz† by Jean Rhys. Jean Rhys is famous for her â€Å"prequel† to Charlotte Brontà «s â€Å"Jane Eyre† called â€Å"Wide Sargasso Sea†, however, it should be said that she was writing mainly novels. Her work are characteristic for using topics concerning the immigrants’ position in the West culture. The fact that she was born in West Indies influences deeply on her later publications in which she frequently presents her reflection on the problems that the strangers have to

Benefits Supporting Staff Welfare Essay - 1888 Words

| A REPORT OUTLINING THE BENEFITS OF SUPPORT AND PROMOTING STAFF WELFARE | . | | BY ALEX WALKER | | | INDEX AND CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NO INDEX INTRODUCTION - 1 Discuss the relationship between staff welfare 2 Explain the process for assessing welfare 3 Identify the actions to be taken 3 Describe how to communicate 4 Discuss records that may be maintained 5 Conclusion 6 Appendices Appendix 1 – Example of a Health Hazards Matrix INTRODUCTION 1. Recent statistics produced by my company’s Human Resource department show that the sickness†¦show more content†¦Risk assessments provide a balance and a notable point of reference to all concerned and should be up dated according to the most recent legislation, as its always changing. 5. Identify the actions to be taken by the manager in dealing with a staff welfare issue Staff welfare must be paramount to any company, in these past few years with many changes taking place with redundancy and morale being at an all-time low it pays to look after the staff you have, investing in them is investing in the whole company. Once again communication is of paramount importance form the head of the company down to â€Å"the shop floor† when staff are in receipt of the facts there is less room for any gossip surely if the company is facing financial hardship should the staff not be informed? Perhaps it could be put forward that a reduction in their wage for a short time until the company gains momentum again rather than redundancy, I am sure the work force would rather stick together as a team and â€Å"trade out† rather than loose staff therefore increasing the work load between who remains and also increasing the stress this would ensue. 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Characteristics of an effective team Lack of selfishness A sense of common purpose Shared Responsibility Participation Regular and open communication Unity Respect and trust Commitment to the aim The purpose and objectives of the team in which you work Supporting a named child If youRead MoreSafeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People1410 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 008 Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people Task A 1. The Children Act 1989 - 2004 is the most relevant legislation for safeguarding children and young people’s welfare. It was first made to give boundaries and support for local authorities for the welfare of children. 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This ensures the child has maximum opportunities in school and doesn’t have to miss any lessons. Speech Therapist A speech therapist works with children who have speech difficulties and who may have difficulties with understanding/processing information. They will advise teaching staff of stratergies to use, work that can be done to develop

Female Characters In CHOPINS AWAKENING Essay Example For Students

Female Characters In CHOPINS AWAKENING Essay The Struggle to Be a WomynEvery step which she took toward relieving herselffrom obligations added to her strength and expansion as anindividual (93)The Awakening by Kate Chopin introduces the reader tothe life of Edna Pontellier, a woman with an independentnature, searching for her true identity in a patriarchalsociety that expects women to be nothing more than devotedwives and nurturing mothers. In this paper I will describeEdnas journey of self-discovery and explain why herstruggle for independence is no easy task. I will alsodiscuss the relationship Edna has with two other main womencharacters and describe how these women conform or rebelagainst a society with many social constraints. Finally Iwill discuss how the issues brought up in Chopins novel arestill relevant today. The JourneyThe Awakening begins in the vacation spot of GrandIsle. At first we believe that Grand Isle is a utopia,wealthy families relaxing at oceanside, but it is here whereEdna first begins to realize her unhappiness. The first signof dissatisfaction is when Edna allows herself to feel thather marriage is unsatisfying; yet she must agree with theother women that Leonce Pontellier is the perfect husband. Edna can now ask herself if she has a good husband and isnot happy than should marriage be a component of her life. Edna has two close relationships with other males in thebook but both prove unsatisfying, and a block to herindependence. The first relationship is with Robert Lebrun. They swim, they chat on the porch and offer each othercompanionship. This is a flirtatious relationship; arelationship similar to those Robert has had previoussummers with other married women; but different becauseEdna, being a foreigner allows herself to take Robertseriously and she falls in love with him. This proves tragicbecause during the course of the novel the two will pine foreach other but Robert not wanting to mar his reputation as a gentleman moves to Mexico. Even after his return the twomeet for a short time and then again Robert flees beforeanything happens. The second role Edna begins to question is her role asmother. Ednas husband scolds her for her unattentiveness toher children. Although Edna is fond of her children she,unlike the other women on Grand Isle, would rather have anurse look after them. Edna says that she would give up theunessential; I would give my money, I would give my life formy children; but I wouldnt give myself. Edna needs more out of life. She is moved by music. During that summer Edna sketches to find an artistic side toherself. She needs an outlet to express who she is. Ednasees art as important and adding meaning to her life. Shefelt in it satisfaction of a kind which no other employmentoffered her.After the summer is over and they are back to the cityEdna is a changed woman. She makes many steps towardsindependence. She stops holding Tuesday socials; she sendsher children to live in the country with their grandparents;she refuses to travel abroad with her husband; she moves outof the Lebrun house on Esplanade Street; and she startsselling her sketches and betting the horses to earn her ownmoney. She also starts a relationship with another man AlceeArobin. He meant nothing to her emotionally but she used himfor sexual pleasure. Edna evolved above her peers she didnot believe that sexuality and motherhood had to be linked. The last step of her awakening is the realization that shecan not fulfill her life in a society that will not allowher to be a person and a mother. Edna commits suicide in theocean at Grand Isle. .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 , .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .postImageUrl , .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 , .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018:hover , .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018:visited , .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018:active { border:0!important; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018:active , .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018 .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce75621b9f08c41ae778defd872af018:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Law Antitirust EssayAnalysis To a certain extent, The Awakening shows Edna at themercy of a patriarchal husband, a hot climate, a Creolelifestyle, and the circumscribed expectations of aparticular class of Louisiana women.(Taylor,p.195) Ednaquestions these wife and mother roles because they are rolesshe was forced into. She married Leonce not because sheloved him but because she could not refuse his admirationand persistence. This marriage thrusts Edna into a foreignculture. She questions her role as a mother because she isdifferent from the typical Creole mother-woman. Ednadefies the central perception of her century that women aremothers first and individuals se cond-or not at all. Shenever denies the value of motherhoodBut she does deny itssupremacy over larger truths of human existence.(Dyer,p.106) This is what leads to her suicide. Edna refuses toreturn to a world that values only her performance as amother, whose highest expectations for women areself-sacrifice and self-effacement. She refuses to return toa world in which this idea is pervasive and inescapable-andunavoidably colors even her own thinking. For Edna, thereis, ideally, a truth greater than that of motherhood. Motherhood, compared with it, becomes yet another illusionthat Edna must dispel. That final truth, that greater truth,can not coexist with the social, the moral, or even thebiological obligations of motherhood.(Dyer, p.105) Ednassuicide is tragic and victorious. Tragic, because Edna couldnot become the person she wanted to be because of therestrictions society placed on mothers; victorious, becauseEdna did not conform to a patriarchal society. Women CharactersIn The Awakening two women characters are presented insharp contrast to each other. These women introduce Edna tonew ideas and influence Ednas perception of womanhood. First we are introduced to Madame Ratignolle, the perfectmother-woman. Adele is perfectly content and happyconforming to society. Adele keeps up her piano playing notfor her own artistic outlet but for her children. She livesfor her husband and her children and encourages Edna to dothe same. Adele introduces Edna to female love. Edna wasenamored by Adele, She had long wished to try herself onMadame Ratignolle. Never had that lady seemed a moretempting subject than at that moment, seated there like somesensuous Madonna,(14) Adele is the first woman Edna feelscomfortable with confiding in and being caressed by. Insome respects, the motherless Edna seeks a mother surrogatein Adele and looks to her for nurturance. Adele providesmaternal encouragement for Ednas painting and tells herthat her talent is immense'(18).(Showalter,p.74)Mademoiselle Reisz is the opposite if Adele. She is anunmarried musician and she is considered eccentric for heroutspoken views. She is very fond of Edna. She in troducesEdna to the world of art. Mademoiselle Reiszs piano playingsent a tremor down Mrs. Pontelliers spinal column. As Edna compares herself to these women she is notfully satisfied with either of them as a role model. Adele,although loved, lacks an independent life. Reisz isindependent but she lacks love. Edna is searching for amiddle ground between the two. Relevance todayThe main question Chopin ponders in this novel is can awoman have both a marriage and children and a fulfillingindependent life outside of that realm. That is a questionstill relevant today. Today a woman can have both a careerand a family. The question is will a woman with childrenexcel in her career as far as she would have if she waschildless. Also, will her children suffer if her career isher first priority. I have witnessed two scenarios thatexemplify these questions. My Aunt Cathy quit a fulfillingcareer that offered her travel, excitement , and a goodsalary to be a stay at home mom. She is happy but she admitsto often wondering What if?. She also cautions me topostpone marriage until I have accomplished my goals. MyAunt Michele barely took a breath after giving birth beforereturning back to work. My grandmother raised her daughterand now at age seven her daughter is much closer with mygrandmother than her own mother. I often wonder what thelong term affects are going to be. .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd , .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .postImageUrl , .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd , .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd:hover , .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd:visited , .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd:active { border:0!important; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd:active , .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8715decc72e35af6e16167457ff64ccd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal: The Drainpipe EssayEdnas journey is one that everyone goes through. Ednaattempts her journey of self discovery after she assumes theunsatisfying roles of wife and mother. I am on that journeynow, at twenty-two, childless, husbandless, and inschool-trying to give my life direction. The journey wouldbe more difficult if I had the responsibilities that Ednahas. Ednas journey is also more difficult because itoccurred during the time period where a woman was a secondclass citizen. ConclusionI enjoyed and connected to The Awakening. I am at aperiod in my life where I want to start moving towards agoal. When I weigh my career choices I often ponder how afamily will fit into that choice. Ednas struggle made merealize the universality of this dilemma and I realize howlucky I am to have women like Kate Chopin come before me andmake my struggle a little easier. Works CitedDyer, Joyce.(1993).The Awakening A Novel of Beginnings. New York:Twayne Publishers. Elfbein, Anna Shannon.(1989).Women on the Color Line. Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia. Papke, Mary E.(1990).Verging on the Abyss The SocialFiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. Newyork:Greenwood Press. Showalter, Elaine.(1991).Sisters Choice Traditionand Change in American Womens Writing. Oxford:Clarendon PressTaylor, Helen.(1989).Gender, Race, and Religion in theWritings of Grace King, Ruth McEnery Stuart, and KateChopin.Baton Rouge:Louisiana State Press

Music as an Aesthetic Experience Essay Example

Music as an Aesthetic Experience Paper The introduction of Donald J. Funes book Musical Involvement addresses the topic of music as an aesthetic experience. The preface to the introduction is the realization that truly listening to music requires an active response, and this type of listening is not innate. All throughout the day we are bombarded with music and every day sounds, most of which remain in our periphery. It can be difficult to focus on a single event such as a concert, lecture or any other situation that requires a quite environment because we can attend to around seven sensory inputs at any one time, including our internal conversations. Suddenly our periphery senses can become distracting to the point where they detract from the single auditory source we are trying to focus on. Actively listening requires the listener to minimize the external an internal distractions so that the important details of the work are heard. Funes notes that this is a highly rewarding way of listening but it is not the only way interacting with music. Musical Involvement is a guide to learning how to actively listen to music to achieve an aesthetic experience. Funes argues that in order to have an aesthetic experience with music, then first it is necessary to perceive music as an aesthetic object which is only possible if an aesthetic attitude is adopted. There are several components to having an aesthetic attitude. The first is the realization that preconditioned responses limit experiences. Meaning, your attitude influences your perception. A negative attitude can prevent anyone from enjoying an experience. Learning to view a situation from other perspectives can improve control over mindset therefore expanding the possibilities of responses to experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Music as an Aesthetic Experience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Music as an Aesthetic Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Music as an Aesthetic Experience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since a negative attitude is a contradiction to adopting an aesthetic attitude, all aesthetic listening is positive. To adopt an aesthetic attitude it is not necessary to develop a personal theory on aesthetics; it is only necessary to understand that it is possible to interact with music and sound aesthetically. The difficult part of listening to music as an aesthetic object is being distant from the music. To set aside any preconceived notions or associations about the work so that it may be enjoyed only for impractical reasons. Looking at something as an aesthetic object goes against any ideas of practicalities because it is highly improbably to enjoy something purely for itself if it is looked at with the potential of something else in mind. Another condition to the aesthetic attitude is adopting a sympathetic awareness, a willingness to experience all types of music because no style is superior to another. In the chapter on Perception in Lewis Rowells Thinking about Music, he discusses traditional problems of aesthetics for the listener. Although Rowell and Funes discuss similar ideas about aesthetic listening, the purpose of Rowells work is not to teach the listener how they should listen to music. Similar to an argument Funes makes, Rowell comments that even though some authors feel that there is an ideal way to listen, it is a good idea to understand that there is a range of possible listening experiences. The first problem Rowell discusses are the varying modes of perception. He sets the scene for exploring the listening experience with asking the question What am I doing. This question involves several other component questions that basically range around the listeners background in understanding music and how that might affect their experience. These questions only seem applicable to an experienced music listener who has some academic understanding of music. Later he discusses the idea of perception being a problem to discuss specifically because of the range of ways people listen to music. Rowell does discuss some modes of perception that can negatively affect the listeners experience and that just being simply conscious of these distractions can completely change the experience. Like Funes, Rowell discusses the idea of being detached from the music to achieve a more aesthetic experience. First he cites Kants definition of taste to discuss valid rules of judgment for all observers. Consequently, Kant determines it is necessary for all observers to look from an objective view. Rowell is not concerned at this point whether Kant is correct in his assessment of taste but instead he is only concerned that the listener detach themselves from the work for a more objective viewpoint. Although the idea of being distant from a work is sometimes ambiguous it can be interpreted at least three ways. The first as a literal distance, the second as a dimensional distance, and lastly the most important being a psychic distance in the form of emotional detachment. Like Funes, Rowell states the listener diminishes the possibilities of achieving an aesthetic experience when attention becomes focused on discovering the purpose of art. Finally, Rowell argues against a stance that various other authors have taking, the concept that the ideal musical experience is a total detachment from all contexts. Instead Rowell argues that although the ideal musical experience preserves a degree of distance by regarding all experiences as individual, it is necessary to have a sense of awareness about the style and performance of the work. Malcolm Budd begins The Repudiation of Emotion, the second chapter in Music and Emotion with a sizable disclaimer stating that although he is adopting the viewpoint of the listener it does not take any priority over the composer or executants viewpoint. For his purposes, Budd is only concerned with the listener who has achieve an aesthetic experience. The disclaimer continues to state that the purpose of compositions are not universally for active participation of the listener. Although, some music is intended to be incidental, the listener still has the capability of seeking an aesthetic experience with it and therefore all music is subject to the contents of the chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to discover the aesthetically significant relationship between music and emotions to explain why the listener has an aesthetic response. First Budd explains the irrelevance of the composers and the performers emotions when creating or performing a work. Although there may have been some emotional background for the creation or performance it does not mean the same emotion is audibly being transmitted to the listener. Therefore the only important instance of emotion is the emotion the listener experiences but the crucial question is whether the listener is has achieved this emotion from the quality (or intention) of the music. Budd establishes the only known negative response to this question is Eduard Hanslicks book The Beautiful in Music.

Megans law attachment essays

Megans law attachment essays Assembly Bill 488 is a bill connected to Megans Law was approved by the State Legislature on August 24, 2004 and signed by the governor on September 24, 2004. This Law was proposed by Assemblywoman Nichole M. Parra (D-Hanford). This Law will provide the public with Internet access to information on registered sex offenders. This bill as been passed, but will not be in effect until July 2005. This expanded access to the public will allow them for the first time to view information on sex offenders. These offenders are required to register with local law enforcement. For more than 50 years sex offenders have had to register with their local law enforcement agencies. Before this law was passed, the where about of these sex offenders was not available to the public until July 1995. In 1996 Megans law was passed. This law got its named from a girl named Megan Kanka, who was raped and killed by a known sex offender living right across the street from her. Under the new law, the public will be granted internet access to information, including the registered home address, On (1) all offenders who have been convicted of committing a lewd act with a child under the age of 14 or whose crime involved force or fear as an element; (2) virtually all sex offenders who have been convicted of two or more sex offenses in separate trials; and (3) Sexually Violent Predators. For the offenders who may have been innocent but were required to register as sex offenders will be found in a different way. Rather than showing their home address, the site will show the zip code they live in, and the county they are apart of. This particular law has many beneficentaries and troubled faces with in it. Sex offenders are felons; the ones who get out are very lucky. Most sex offenders are put into jail for a very long time. When a sex offender is released, people do have the right to know where they live and what they did. If ...

Entrepreneurial Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurial Leadership - Coursework Example This essay describes the entrepreneurial leadership, that helps to grow our society. It involves instilling the confidence to take risks, initiative, responsibility and creativity. Case, Kouzes and Drucker recognized the importance and type of approach individuals need in pursuing entrepreneurial leadership. We will examine these three different theories/ philosophies and the highlighted components, which ultimately will formulate a new definition of entrepreneurial leadership. Additionally, entrepreneurs can access a wide pool of resources accessible via the website SCORE and Small Business Administration (SBA). Moreover, we will discuss the Small Business Administration, which provides useful information to entrepreneurs that are beneficial, especially to business persons just starting. Large and small businesses have access to online tools and resources on the SCORE and Small Business Administration website. The most resourceful one is the workshops geared towards building a busin ess plan. A business plan plays numerous roles, here are the following: demonstrates to entrepreneurs the feasibility of starting a business, demonstrate the tools needed to launch the business, it will highlight the cost of starting, it can open doors to funding agencies and individuals, for example, investors and it will show the intended customers or audience. Hence, all other important practices that come into play; such as, coaching, team building and motivating will fail if there is no solid plan.

Reflective account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Reflective account - Essay Example In keeping with customer satisfaction, the sales and marketing departments at Pendennis actually take notes on their customer’s opinions to help improve not only the company, but also the product itself. This is true customer service at its finest. While both companies have specific design specifications that can fit any need, Pendennis stands out in as much as they only allow for 8-9 projects at a time, in order to focus on quality, not quantity. They also strive to achieve the highest standards of excellence in their team, with extensive training and proper management. A&P is also a company that took me by surprise. Given their higher standards of design and construction, they offer international services that are second to none. They own six fully operational dry docks in the UK, and are continuing to expand. They set the standard worldwide in price, quality, safety and the environment. A&P is unusual in the fact that they offer their customers the option of travelling the globe for them to do a repair, rather than the customer bringing their yacht in to them. This is rare and an exceptional quality for a company to have. Although A&P is a very large company, they are very employee as well as customer oriented, to provide only the best to both. Their health and safety record for crew and visitors is incredible, and ensure the safest and most environmentally friendly work environment for their employees as well. 2. Would you like to work for one of these companies? Yes, I would. Although A&P has just as high standards as Pendennis, I would prefer to work for Pendennis to A&P. The reason for this is that at Pendennis, their management levels and ability to build and maintain partnerships with clients is second to none. They have received many awards that can attest to their ability as well as their passion for building yachts. Pendennis also has an apprenticeship program, which allows for an unskilled or unseasoned worker the opportunity of a lifetime t o work for this company, whose apprenticeship program is also renowned. Pendennis has numerous shipyards in Europe and the U. S., providing an employee even more opportunity. They are committed to quality, not quantity, and do everything they can to ensure the customer’s satisfaction and needs are met every time. Regardless of which avenue someone wanted to pursue in yacht building, the high level of training and support of the staff is paramount to the production of quality products. They have many different courses available, so qualifications for staff are easily met, but not without the same high expectation of intelligence, quality and reliability. From planning and design to every aspect of the actual fabrication of the yacht, Pendennis has a training program available to ensure the highest quality in every aspect, every time. 3. What do you think it would be like to be a customer? I think that being a customer of either company would be an experience that would not be matched elsewhere. From common grocery shopping to going out to a restaurant, customer service has fallen in its quality and availability in recent years. Often, customers are more often looked at as an inconvenience, rather than an asset. Therefore, to go to one of these shipbuilding companies, and have my opinions heard and addressed would be amazing. To have my

Evaluation and Recommendations for Further Work Essay

Evaluation and Recommendations for Further Work - Essay Example The sources used in the paper were mainly of the popular-scholarly type. The paper could have had a better appeal if the sources were corroborated by other sources that are of the pure scholarly nature. The resources also had to be made in such a manner that they were relevant to the topic of business management. The paper sources were generally acceptable and they provided the audience with the sufficient amount of information. The ultimate test of the ability of a person to write in the upper college level is measured by his prowess in matching the quality of the resources with the quantity. In this case, the paper was capable of attaining this threshold. However, resources could have been more involving and engaging. The degree of the resources in engaging the reader makes the paper match the strong claims made by the thesis (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The quality of the paper was also adequate in meeting the demand or the expectations of the target audience and the topical demands. The other point of evaluation applicable in the analysis of the project is the capacity of the paper to use the sources that are current and relevant to the topic of business management. The most relevant article is the journal articles. Articles are better as sources compared to books since they have a narrow and deep scope (Cooper, Schindler and others, 2003). The use of the books in the library to make up the report is a major flop since the implied content in the books may not be really practical. The paper was not capable of using the resources that have the amount of currency demanded. Sources used in the paper lacked the currency and scope limitations since they were mainly composed of books (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2007). The bulk of the information in the books could have been reduced had the research paper borrowed a lot from the articles (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2007).

A Comparison of Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold and Prayer Before Brith b

A Comparison of Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold and Prayer Before Brith by Louis MacNeice 'Dover Beach' by Matthew Arnold, written in 1867, and 'Prayer Before Birth' written in 1951 by Louis MacNeice share many similarities despite being written nearly on hundred years apart from each other. This essay will explore the issues and ideas that both poems share, in addition to drawing attention to some of the key differences. 'Dover Beach' is about the thoughts of a man on his honeymoon, who shares his sentiments about the suffering of the world and that fact that his 'love' is the only thing which is positive about his life. 'Prayer Before Birth' describes the thoughts of an unborn child, making a plea to be kept safe against the dangers of the earth. Both poems refer to, are about, are interested in, and are concerned with criticism of the world, and distressed narrators; while some differences can be observed. For example: The unborn child in 'Prayer Before Birth' is certain of what the world is like, and he knows what might happen to him. Matthew Arnold, on the other hand expresses uncertainty in his poem. Even with slight differences, the predominant themes /preoccupations of the two poems are the same. It is clear that both poets feel disillusioned with life, and consider that there is little in life which is joyful or cause for optimism. Indeed, Matthew Arnold refers to a world which, "Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain." Louis MacNeice is much more specific in is list of things which bring pain to individuals: the lectures of old men, the strife with bureaucracy, the humilia... ... free thinking of his own. To him, this is a fate worse than death, and he would rather die. What I think, is that the two poems are similar, because they are both evoke depressed feelings coming form the poet. Especially 'Prayer Before Birth', because how can a fetus be so incredibly pessimistic? 'Dover Beach' in my opinion is more poetic and more symbolic, and much more profound; whereas 'Prayer Before Birth' is more superficial and straightforward. I personally preferred 'Dover Beach' because of its vivid imagery, and subtle references to religion. I also feel sorry for Matthew Arnold, because when he wrote that beautiful poem, he was feeling anxiety, and uncertainty. He defiantly was not content whilst writing 'Dover Beach.' On the other hand I believe that Louis MacNeice was being cynical, and narrow minded.

Organizational Behaviour

Organizations and Behavior Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture4 1. 2 Explain how the relationship between an organization’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. 6 Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership†¦ 7 2. 1 compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations7 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management7 2. 3 evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations8 Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations†¦.. 9 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change9 3. Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace9 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers10 Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 4. 1 explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations12 4. 2 discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organizations12 4. evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Introduction: The employees of an organization can be motivated by the continuous organizational culture and the structural representation of the company. The assignment involves the comprehension of the relationship betw een organizational culture and structure, the leadership approaches, the basic concepts about motivation etc.Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational culture can be reflected through the systematic procedure of the organizational structure. Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture. 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culturesAccording to  Schein  (1992), culture is the most difficult organizational attribute to change, outlasting organizational products, services, founders and leadership and all other physical attributes of the organization. Culture and structure is working like a backbone in the organization. It creates a new concepts and strategies which can affect any level of planning. When it applies on any hierarchy organizati on. So then implications of organizational culture and structure will be implemented to the government companies etc. Different form of Organization Cultures: * Power Culture * Person culture * Task Culture Role Culture Power culture is centralized this culture may found in the small kinds a business control is the basic element the decision maker is alone there is no consultancy the organization may react quickly to the danger. Basically this kind of culture is a welfare non profitable, charities and for the social activities. This kind of culture can be in the group or individual aim. It is basically a team work based approach to complete a particular task. This culture is more common the business where the organization will establish a project team to complete the project in the particular time.Common in most organizations today is a role culture. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular rol e. Different form of Organization Structures: * Functional structure: * Divisional structure: * Matrix structure: Employees within the functional divisions of an organization tend to perform a specialized set of tasks. This leads to operational efficiencies within that group. As a whole, a functional organization is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost.Also called a â€Å"product structure†, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division may have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. 1. Explain how the relationship between an organizatio n’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. For an organisation to achieve its goals and objectives there must be harmony between its structure and culture. If the two are not compatible then it will become harder for the organisation to achieve its objectives and in the long run may even threaten the existence of the organization. An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. (Pugh, D. S. ed. 1990). Organization culture is the set of values, rules, beliefs, attitudes and regulations these factors can help members of the organization to know how we will Work. For example, Shell Company is the biggest multinational company with many product lines. Employees are functional specialists trained according to the product or market distribution. Develop the behavior of employees they develop culture which they need. Culture depen ds upon the nature of employees it according to that culture. Culture does not remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to new environment.Every organization has their own culture and structure it’s very important for every organization in a culture there are many people belonging to the different groups. Every organization needs good culture, good social norms, valves and ethical behavior. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. How individuals behave and how organisations can motivate them to give more to the organisation has been the subject of various research and many well known writers have written books on this subject.The behavior of people and other organisms or even mechanisms falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. Human behavior is experienced throughout an individual’s entire lifetime. The factors and the emerging points tha t influence the individual behavior at work are referred below: * Ability to perform a job * Attitude to the organization * Motivational factors * Organizational Culture and faith * Present Condition of the Individual Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations Different form of leadership styles of leadership are refereeing below: * Authoritarian: The authoritarian leadership style is when the leader spends most of his time giving out instructions. This type of leader tells their followers what to do, how to do it and when to do it. * Autocratic leadership: This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. * Delegative Leadership: In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions.However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. * Democratic / Participative: The democratic leader on the other hand, encourages follower to participate and give ideas. This type of leader allows the others to get involved in the decision making process. * Democratic leadership: This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it).However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management. Taylor (1911) observed that some workers were more talented than others, and that even smart ones were often unmotivated. He observed that most workers who are forced to perform repetitive tasks tend to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished. Taylor used the term â€Å"soldiering† and observed that, when paid the same amount, workers wi ll tend to do the amount of work that the slowest among them does.Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a Human Resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day for all other employees in the company.If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mould of what they interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect other areas of business. In the same way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. 2. 3 evaluate the different a pproaches to management used by different organizations One of the reasons why managers are having such difficulty in applying management methods to government problems is this: there are many different schools of thought on management approaches, and each of these schools has its own proponents.Generally, an original proponent makes his or her name in that particular concept, and becomes an ‘expert' and a ‘guru' of it. There is little incentive to integrate this one approach with others. ————————————————- Management flexibility ————————————————- A manager who only has experience in one approach, such as project management, may have difficulty in adapting to changing demands. A manager can be much more effective if he or she is able to select a manage ment approach that is most appropriate to the desired need or goal.This adaptability or ‘eclectic' flexibility may prove very useful in the changing government management environment. The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underlie the Toyota Motor Corporation's managerial approach and production system. Toyota first summed up its philosophy, values and manufacturing ideals in 2001, calling it â€Å"The Toyota Way 2001. † It consists of principles in two key areas: continuous improvement, and respect for people. Liker (2004), calls the Toyota Way, â€Å"a system designed to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work. The system can be summarized in 14 principles. ————————————————- ————————————————- —†”——————————————- ————————————————- Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change Motivation can be considered in two major modes, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is that which comes from within the individual, team, group, or organization.Its execution brings about production and self-actualization. Extrinsic motivation is that which originates outside of the individual or organization under scrutiny. The fulfillment of external motivation results in what Lawler (1973) calls social rewards. Dyer, (1972) defines three areas affected by motivation. A Change in amount, quality, or direction of performance. Moti vation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal.In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives. Developing leadership culture all starts with you and all your colleagues in senior leadership . Three statements can be pointed that would not find in the treatment of change . First, in this new world order, your new work as a leader is about developing culture and talents not about assigning it to someone else that all culture development & change starts with you. Second, the key to successful transformation is doing the work in the senior leadership culture first before taking the change to middle of the organization†¦Third ,transformation is serious it work for serious people, it is about getting bigger minds to deal with attachments bigger and complex issues that will c ontinue to confront you, your leadership and your organization 3. 2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal. In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives.Motivation Theories – Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognition is any element of knowledge – an attitude, emotion, belief, value, behavior, etc. When two cognitions are in direct conflict with one another a state of anxiety is produced – dissonance is the term for the anxiety. Compatible cognitions are consonant – i. e. they are in harmony. A classic example of Cognitive Dissonance is holding the belief that â€Å"smoking is bad for you† while continuing the behavior of smoking. These two cognitions are in direct conflict with each other.The belief that smoking is bad is part of one neural network – perhaps associated with health and fitness – while the behavior of smoking is part of another network having to do with tension management, how to hang with friends, or the like. So, these cognitions exist in different locations in the brain. Both are trying to accomplish something important for the self – tension management and hanging with friends is important. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a six-level hierarchy of needs that motivate or drive human behavior.I believe that each of these needs must be met in order for one to achieve happiness. Maslow progressively ranks human needs as follows: †¢Physiological – food, shelter, clothing †¢Security and safety †¢Love and feelings of belonging †¢Competence, prestige, and esteem †¢Curiosity and the need to know †¢Self-Actualization 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- * Builds friendly relationship Improves level of efficiency of employees * Leads to achievement of organizational goals * Leads to stability of work force * Puts human resources into action Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous X-Y theory in his 1960 book ‘The Human Side Of Enterprise'. McGregor's XY Theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving organizational culture. McGregor's ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results.Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations 4. 1 explain the nature of gro ups and group behavior within organizations Groups may be classified into two different types: * Informal groups * Formal groups Formal Groups: Formal groups are created to achieve set goals and have specific responsibilities within an organization. Formal groups within organizations are known as work teams or simply teams.Examples of work teams include, call centre teams and project teams. Informal Groups: Informal groups consist of alliances that have no formal structure. Informal or social clubs. For instance, unless the HRD function communicates the policies clearly and cogently, the employees would not participate and comply with them wholeheartedly. Hence, molding group behavior is important for organizations. However, this cannot be construed to mean that all employees must think and act alike. On the contrary, innovation cannot happen when group behavior is the same across all levels. 4. discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in org anizations. Creating and sustaining effective teamwork requires persistent renewal and discovery of good practice. Organisations which try to create positive relationships between employees and makes each employee feel as part of the community, will have a greater chance of achieving effective teamwork across the organisation. An effective team requires cohesion that is held together by several factors. In order to understand how to assemble an efficient team, first need to know the factors affecting effective teamwork.The factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in organizations are: * Communication skills and process * Inter-team co-operation. * Leadership Technique * Task effectiveness * Team dynamism * Team innovation * Team member’s well-being * Team viability * Team working environment, process or tools 4. 3 evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. New technology has been injected into the workpl ace at an exponentially increasing rate Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace.The introduction of technology, especially information technology has changed composition of existing team models and has introduced new team models such as virtual teams. Powell, Piccoli and Ives (2004), define virtual teams in their literature review article â€Å"as groups of geographically, organizationally and/or time dispersed workers brought together by information and telecommunication technologies to accomplish one or more organizational tasks. Conclusion An organization can do better through the practice of Team work and proper utilization of technologies and resources. In the report we have overlooked different management approaches, styles and the motivational approaches which can reflect through the organization structures and culture. So consequently the organization must review the tasks that hav e been performing according to the management plan and identify the best way to act Organizational Behaviour 1.What is the importance of interpersonal skills? The importance of interpersonal skills is that you need to understand how to deal with other people and involve your acceptance of others, without prejudice in order to achieve your task. 2.What do managers do in terms of functions, roles, and skills? Management is a process that is used to accomplish organizational goals; that is, a process that is used to achieve what an organization wants to achieve. Managers are the people to whom this management task is assigned. In terms of Functions, Managers do Planning, Organizing, Directing and Controlling. To be an effective manager, it is necessary to possess many skills. Not all managers have all the skills that would make them the most effective manager. As technology advances and grows, the skills that are needed by managers are constantly changing. Different levels of management in the organizational structure also require different types of management skills. Generally, however, managers need to have communication skills, human skills, computer skills, time-management skills, and technical skills. 3.What is organizational behavior (OB)?. Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of the organization itself and also of the interface between human behavior and the organization. A field that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organizations in order to achieve the goals. 4.Why is it important to complement intuition with systematic study? Consciously or unconsciously we are all students of behavior. We observe others and attempt to interpret what we see. We â€Å"read† people all the time and even attempt to predict what they might do under different sets of conditions. We develop some generalizations in explaining and predicting what people do and will do. These generalizations come as a result of observing, sensing, asking, listening, and reading, or else secondhand through the experience of others. There are certain fundamental consistencies underlying the behavior of all individuals that can be identified and used to alter conclusions based on individual differences. The consistencies allow predictability. Systematic study means looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing our conclusions on scientific evidence; that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner. Systematic study replaces intuition or those â€Å"gut feelings† you often hear experienced managers talk about. While some of our appraisals may prove highly effective in explaining and predicting the behavior of others, we all carry with us a number of beliefs that frequently fail to explain why people do what they do. This occurs because many of the views we hold concerning human behavior are based on intuition rather than fact. There is a better way; a systematic approach to the study of behavior can improve your explanatory and predictive abilities and will uncover important facts and relationships, and provide a base from which more accurate predictions of behavior can be made. Most behavior does not occur randomly; it generally has a cause caused and direction based upon some end that the individual believes, rightly or wrongly, is in his or her best interest. Because of differences between individuals even in similar situations, people do not all act alike. 5.What are the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB? The major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB are such as Psychology, Sociology, Social psychology, Anthropology and Political science. 6.Why are there few absolutes in OB? There are few, if any, simple and universal principles that explain organizational behavior. There are laws in the physical science-chemistry, astronomy, physics – that are consistent and apply in a wide range of situations. They allow scientists to generalize about the pull of gravity or to be confident about sending astronauts into space repair satellite. But as a noted behavioral researcher aptly concluded, â€Å"god gave all the easy problems to the physicists†. Human being are complete, because they are not alike, our ability to make simple, accurate and sweeping generalizations is limited. Two people often act very differently in the same situation, and the same person’s behavior changes in different situations. For instance, not everyone is motivated by money, and you behave differently at church on Sunday than you did at the party the night before. That doesn’t mean, of course that we can’t offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behavior or make valid predictions. However, it does mean that OB concepts must reflect situational, or contingency, conditions. We can say that x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z. the science of OB was developed by using general concepts and then altering their application to the particular situations. So, for example, OB scholars would avoid stating that effective leaders should always seek the ideas of their follower before making the decision. Rather, in some situations participative style is clearly superior. But, in other situations, an autocratic decision-making style is more effective. In other words, the effectiveness of a particular leadership style is contingent on the situation in which it’s used. Organizational Behaviour Organizations and Behavior Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture4 1. 2 Explain how the relationship between an organization’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. 6 Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership†¦ 7 2. 1 compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations7 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management7 2. 3 evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations8 Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations†¦.. 9 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change9 3. Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace9 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers10 Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 4. 1 explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations12 4. 2 discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organizations12 4. evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Introduction: The employees of an organization can be motivated by the continuous organizational culture and the structural representation of the company. The assignment involves the comprehension of the relationship betw een organizational culture and structure, the leadership approaches, the basic concepts about motivation etc.Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Organizational culture can be reflected through the systematic procedure of the organizational structure. Learning outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organizational Structure and Culture. 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culturesAccording to  Schein  (1992), culture is the most difficult organizational attribute to change, outlasting organizational products, services, founders and leadership and all other physical attributes of the organization. Culture and structure is working like a backbone in the organization. It creates a new concepts and strategies which can affect any level of planning. When it applies on any hierarchy organizati on. So then implications of organizational culture and structure will be implemented to the government companies etc. Different form of Organization Cultures: * Power Culture * Person culture * Task Culture Role Culture Power culture is centralized this culture may found in the small kinds a business control is the basic element the decision maker is alone there is no consultancy the organization may react quickly to the danger. Basically this kind of culture is a welfare non profitable, charities and for the social activities. This kind of culture can be in the group or individual aim. It is basically a team work based approach to complete a particular task. This culture is more common the business where the organization will establish a project team to complete the project in the particular time.Common in most organizations today is a role culture. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular rol e. Different form of Organization Structures: * Functional structure: * Divisional structure: * Matrix structure: Employees within the functional divisions of an organization tend to perform a specialized set of tasks. This leads to operational efficiencies within that group. As a whole, a functional organization is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost.Also called a â€Å"product structure†, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division may have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. 1. Explain how the relationship between an organizatio n’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. For an organisation to achieve its goals and objectives there must be harmony between its structure and culture. If the two are not compatible then it will become harder for the organisation to achieve its objectives and in the long run may even threaten the existence of the organization. An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. (Pugh, D. S. ed. 1990). Organization culture is the set of values, rules, beliefs, attitudes and regulations these factors can help members of the organization to know how we will Work. For example, Shell Company is the biggest multinational company with many product lines. Employees are functional specialists trained according to the product or market distribution. Develop the behavior of employees they develop culture which they need. Culture depen ds upon the nature of employees it according to that culture. Culture does not remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to new environment.Every organization has their own culture and structure it’s very important for every organization in a culture there are many people belonging to the different groups. Every organization needs good culture, good social norms, valves and ethical behavior. 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behavior at work. How individuals behave and how organisations can motivate them to give more to the organisation has been the subject of various research and many well known writers have written books on this subject.The behavior of people and other organisms or even mechanisms falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. Human behavior is experienced throughout an individual’s entire lifetime. The factors and the emerging points tha t influence the individual behavior at work are referred below: * Ability to perform a job * Attitude to the organization * Motivational factors * Organizational Culture and faith * Present Condition of the Individual Learning Outcomes 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership 2. compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations Different form of leadership styles of leadership are refereeing below: * Authoritarian: The authoritarian leadership style is when the leader spends most of his time giving out instructions. This type of leader tells their followers what to do, how to do it and when to do it. * Autocratic leadership: This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. * Delegative Leadership: In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions.However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. * Democratic / Participative: The democratic leader on the other hand, encourages follower to participate and give ideas. This type of leader allows the others to get involved in the decision making process. * Democratic leadership: This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it).However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. 2. 2 explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management. Taylor (1911) observed that some workers were more talented than others, and that even smart ones were often unmotivated. He observed that most workers who are forced to perform repetitive tasks tend to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished. Taylor used the term â€Å"soldiering† and observed that, when paid the same amount, workers wi ll tend to do the amount of work that the slowest among them does.Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a Human Resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day for all other employees in the company.If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mould of what they interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect other areas of business. In the same way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. 2. 3 evaluate the different a pproaches to management used by different organizations One of the reasons why managers are having such difficulty in applying management methods to government problems is this: there are many different schools of thought on management approaches, and each of these schools has its own proponents.Generally, an original proponent makes his or her name in that particular concept, and becomes an ‘expert' and a ‘guru' of it. There is little incentive to integrate this one approach with others. ————————————————- Management flexibility ————————————————- A manager who only has experience in one approach, such as project management, may have difficulty in adapting to changing demands. A manager can be much more effective if he or she is able to select a manage ment approach that is most appropriate to the desired need or goal.This adaptability or ‘eclectic' flexibility may prove very useful in the changing government management environment. The Toyota Way is a set of principles and behaviors that underlie the Toyota Motor Corporation's managerial approach and production system. Toyota first summed up its philosophy, values and manufacturing ideals in 2001, calling it â€Å"The Toyota Way 2001. † It consists of principles in two key areas: continuous improvement, and respect for people. Liker (2004), calls the Toyota Way, â€Å"a system designed to provide the tools for people to continually improve their work. The system can be summarized in 14 principles. ————————————————- ————————————————- —†”——————————————- ————————————————- Learning Outcomes 3 Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations 3. 1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organizations in periods of change Motivation can be considered in two major modes, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is that which comes from within the individual, team, group, or organization.Its execution brings about production and self-actualization. Extrinsic motivation is that which originates outside of the individual or organization under scrutiny. The fulfillment of external motivation results in what Lawler (1973) calls social rewards. Dyer, (1972) defines three areas affected by motivation. A Change in amount, quality, or direction of performance. Moti vation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal.In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives. Developing leadership culture all starts with you and all your colleagues in senior leadership . Three statements can be pointed that would not find in the treatment of change . First, in this new world order, your new work as a leader is about developing culture and talents not about assigning it to someone else that all culture development & change starts with you. Second, the key to successful transformation is doing the work in the senior leadership culture first before taking the change to middle of the organization†¦Third ,transformation is serious it work for serious people, it is about getting bigger minds to deal with attachments bigger and complex issues that will c ontinue to confront you, your leadership and your organization 3. 2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior – especially human behavior. These reasons may include a drive, a need, a desire to achieve a goal, a state of being, or an ideal. In human beings, motivation involves both conscious and subconscious drives.Motivation Theories – Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognition is any element of knowledge – an attitude, emotion, belief, value, behavior, etc. When two cognitions are in direct conflict with one another a state of anxiety is produced – dissonance is the term for the anxiety. Compatible cognitions are consonant – i. e. they are in harmony. A classic example of Cognitive Dissonance is holding the belief that â€Å"smoking is bad for you† while continuing the behavior of smoking. These two cognitions are in direct conflict with each other.The belief that smoking is bad is part of one neural network – perhaps associated with health and fitness – while the behavior of smoking is part of another network having to do with tension management, how to hang with friends, or the like. So, these cognitions exist in different locations in the brain. Both are trying to accomplish something important for the self – tension management and hanging with friends is important. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a six-level hierarchy of needs that motivate or drive human behavior.I believe that each of these needs must be met in order for one to achieve happiness. Maslow progressively ranks human needs as follows: †¢Physiological – food, shelter, clothing †¢Security and safety †¢Love and feelings of belonging †¢Competence, prestige, and esteem †¢Curiosity and the need to know †¢Self-Actualization 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers Motivation is a very important for an organization because of the following benefits it provides:- * Builds friendly relationship Improves level of efficiency of employees * Leads to achievement of organizational goals * Leads to stability of work force * Puts human resources into action Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous X-Y theory in his 1960 book ‘The Human Side Of Enterprise'. McGregor's XY Theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving organizational culture. McGregor's ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results.Enlightened managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Learning Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations 4. 1 explain the nature of gro ups and group behavior within organizations Groups may be classified into two different types: * Informal groups * Formal groups Formal Groups: Formal groups are created to achieve set goals and have specific responsibilities within an organization. Formal groups within organizations are known as work teams or simply teams.Examples of work teams include, call centre teams and project teams. Informal Groups: Informal groups consist of alliances that have no formal structure. Informal or social clubs. For instance, unless the HRD function communicates the policies clearly and cogently, the employees would not participate and comply with them wholeheartedly. Hence, molding group behavior is important for organizations. However, this cannot be construed to mean that all employees must think and act alike. On the contrary, innovation cannot happen when group behavior is the same across all levels. 4. discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in org anizations. Creating and sustaining effective teamwork requires persistent renewal and discovery of good practice. Organisations which try to create positive relationships between employees and makes each employee feel as part of the community, will have a greater chance of achieving effective teamwork across the organisation. An effective team requires cohesion that is held together by several factors. In order to understand how to assemble an efficient team, first need to know the factors affecting effective teamwork.The factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective Teamwork in organizations are: * Communication skills and process * Inter-team co-operation. * Leadership Technique * Task effectiveness * Team dynamism * Team innovation * Team member’s well-being * Team viability * Team working environment, process or tools 4. 3 evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organization. New technology has been injected into the workpl ace at an exponentially increasing rate Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace.The introduction of technology, especially information technology has changed composition of existing team models and has introduced new team models such as virtual teams. Powell, Piccoli and Ives (2004), define virtual teams in their literature review article â€Å"as groups of geographically, organizationally and/or time dispersed workers brought together by information and telecommunication technologies to accomplish one or more organizational tasks. Conclusion An organization can do better through the practice of Team work and proper utilization of technologies and resources. In the report we have overlooked different management approaches, styles and the motivational approaches which can reflect through the organization structures and culture. So consequently the organization must review the tasks that hav e been performing according to the management plan and identify the best way to act